Arlette Ramaroson was born on August 14, 1944, in Diego Suarez, Madagascar. She obtained a Bachelor's degree in Law in 1973 and a Diploma from the Institute of Legal Studies a year after. Judge Ramaroson began her legal career as a Deputy State Prosecutor for Diego Suarez in 1974 and was appointed Examining magistrate and a judge of the Criminal Court of Antananarivo in 1975. Three years after serving in this capacity, she was appointed Vice-president of the court. In 1986, she was promoted to the Court of Appeal of Antananarivo and became President of the Criminal Division of that Court two years later. Judge Ramaroson was elected a member of the governing body of the Supreme Court and Acting President of the Supreme Court Criminal Division in 1990.

Her exceptional leadership skills led to her appointment as Director of International Relations in the Ministry of Justice, Madagascar in 1998. A year after serving in this role, she was elected Commissioner of Human Rights by Presidential decree. In addition to her judicial responsibilities, Ramasoron teaches civil and criminal law at the University of Madagascar.

Judge Ramaroson’s international career commenced with her appointment as a member of the preparatory committee on the establishment of an International Criminal Court in New York sometime in 1997. She was further elected as a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Arusha, Tanzania in 2001. Again, from 2005 to 2006, she occupied the position of Vice President of the tribunal and continued to serve the tribunal after her tenure as Vice President until 2011. Judge Ramaroson then joined the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in October 2011, serving until 2015. Outside judicial circles, Ramaroson is religious and is known to have co-founded the Pan-African Christian Women's Alliance (PACWA) in Madagascar.